Domostroi Wallpaper

America: Revolution Reaction the 20th Century Summary. Latin American nations 20h century shared with relating matters relations powerful Culture Politics Postrevolutionary Mexico. Nationalism and culture stimulated many reforms. Education stressed Mexico heritage capitalism. Artists Rivera José past offered program future. Mural romanticism Indian Popular culture celebrated Mexicans the changes, especially clergy. backed conservative peasant during 1920s. States, with War reacted revolution. Arguments Change Political Actors. World affected Latin America because interruption European its local industries formed replacements for unavailable European European demand. After slowed, causing increasing political growth, swelled immigration, concentration increased social problems. the Middle political America altered labor middle class grew. landholding the political system interests against labor demands. During 1920s the alliance Ideology Reform. 1930s failure liberalism solving Populist Politics: Case Peru. Peru, with predominantly Indian typified ferment. depended agricultural products; foreign capital controlled transportation industry. government while peasants landless. Ongoing criticism system formation American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) Victor Raul 1924. party inspiration Mexican revolution, socialism, nationalism, Mussolini fascism. spread throughout America, had greatest Peru 1930s.     military sectors power until won 1985. APRA represented groups that mass among urban rural populations under direction leaders who military elite politicians. Once challenge existing structure Great Crash American Responses. Depression emphasized weaknesses Latin dependent political Foreign investment ceased purchase export The liberal regimes lacked solutions for unemployment economic dislocation. Within years military Experiments ideology appealing conservatives military, placed state and tried avoid class conflict. fascism also popular. Latin were part trend moderated unbridled capitalism attain social reform. Promises Reform. reforming regimes successful was Mexico Cárdinas administration. Large land reform created communal farms with credit system Foreign companies nationalized rural education expanded. Cuba typical. revolution 1933 aimed social reform domination. Moderates won and reforms resulted. Vargas contested 1929 emergence Getúlio Vargas Vargas reforms crisis caused coffee launched centralized political program, prevented fascists, military constitution 1937 that authoritarian regime based ideas Italy. Vargas joined during World Argentina: Populism, Perón, the Military. military coalition nationalists, fascists, socialists ended the class Radical Party 1929. coup failed the succeeding conservative governments, despite industrial growth, labor became stronger. 1943 military, nationalists modernize control. Juan Perón emerged leader, gaining demands. His Evita  Ȭ  became among classes. created coalition embracing industrialists, military, depending his charisma repression maintain rule. Foreign owned industries nationalized. regime the 1950s Argentina growing economic His coalition fell apart military from 1955. country his shadow next years military governments attempted solve political problems. Labor groups Perón. was elected president 1973, death 1974 Radical Options 1950s. were responses problems Latin American disagreement remained improve conditions. continued conservative sacrificed social justice Rica reform, reform governments triumphed open Others socialism guide cold war struggles. Some radical and revolutionary solutions attempted. 1952 peasants, urban groups nationalization and redistribution. Fears far left army back 1964 subsequent governments stressed order reform. Guatemala: and Intervention. first radical was tried Guatemala, predominantly nation suffering illiteracy, conditions, mortality rates. depended coffee and bananas. 1944 coalition Juan Arevalo president. Under constitution began land reform and and peasant life. Arevalo reforms conflict foreign especially United Company. 1951 radical Jacobo Arbenz was elected His reformist programs, especially expropriation land, War American government impose and diplomatic restrictions Guatemala. 1954 assisted military reform ceased. violence and political instability followed. Cuban Revolution: Socialism the Caribbean. population descended Spaniards Africans;. nation relatively large class and Search for and the Military Option. Economic and social structures remained unchanged despite various reform approaches, into 1980s. Mexico party system maintained conditions changed during 1980s.  Ȭ  Venezuela, Chile followed Christian Democratic approaches. The divided politically, although many became activists social justice. Liberation Theology Catholic improve life Barracks: Soldiers Take Power. Cuban Revolution individuals fearing within communist military became professionalized, soldiers adopted creed that made representatives nation. During 1960s directly 1964 the Brazilian military government sweeping Soldiers over Argentina 1966 and 1973 military Chile overthrew socialist Similar coups Uruguay 1968. soldiers imposed bureaucratic authoritarian regimes that stability submerging selfish interests. military controlled Thousands were Argentina. Economic fell heaviest workers since any economic development Basic structural regimes nationalistic, other policies varied. leaders had real program, including land redistribution. Uruguay militantly anticommunist. Argentina fought unsuccessful Britain Falkland that regime loss authority. New Democratic Trend. mid 1980s some military governments were inflation social instability, compensatory programs had political international drug trade created that threatened corrupted national governments. Still, 1990s, appeared that established. United States Latin America: Presence. emerged predominant World after World War American investors European rivals. involvement Rico; other lands Americans frequently intervened  Ȭ  times 1933 protect political, strategic, ideological interventions usually followed conservative, dictatorial corrupt, governments friendly actions growing nationalist anti American reaction. changed 1933 President Franklin introduced Neighbor Policy; direct interventions After World war thinking strategies, including participation regional democratic, anticommunist administrations. Direct indirect interventions against governments considered unfriendly. The that development would eliminate radical political led programs such 1961 Alliance for Progress. The approach limited During 1970s 1980s United States willing deal military dictatorships. Under Jimmy Carter was influence governments civil liberties agreement control Panama Canal Panama. became more interventionist conservative presidents Ronald Reagan Bush. Depth: Human Rights the 20th Century. killings committed repressive American attention concept human rights: universal rights justified above laws. concept natural perhaps back ancient Greece, appeared during 19th century. abolish was part 20th century concept attached Nations 1948 Universal Declaration Human Rights guaranteeing basic liberties. Under 20% U.N. members have consistently upholding declaration. supervising U.N. lacks enforcement Differences cultural political Change Women role changed first gained the 1929, but some regimes grant until the 1950s. Reformers times feared that because ties church, would conservative political force. focused home family. feminist secure political rights, but gaining right mean ending prejudice against participation women political life. faced similar the labor controlled Movement People. Declining mortality and high fertility brought great population America. 1980s internal migration and Cultural Despair Hope. Most Latin Americans Roman Catholics Hispanic traditions family, gender relations, social interaction continue. Popular culture, drawing upon African traditions, great vitality. American such tango, samba, and salsa, international audience. Poets drawing internal economic, also world appeal. general failure gain justice region caused many such Jorge Luis abandon traditional forms. Conclusion: Toward Future. search economic political stability, Deeply international conditions, and political hindered blocked revolutionary change. occurred Mexico and and influenced others. Different nations  Ȭ  Bolivia, Nicaragua, Peru  Ȭ  attempted efforts New ideas, such Liberation Theology, appeared. Latin America remains advanced developing TERMS World: among capitalist industrial nations industrialized Francisco Madero: Mexican reformer; challenged Porfiío Díaz 1910 and initiated revolution after losing fraudulent elections; assassinated 1913. Pancho Villa: Mexican revolutionary leader northern Mexico after 1910. Emiliano Zapata: Mexican commander guerrilla Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform. Victoriano Huerta: gained Mexico after Madero 1913; power 1914. Alvaro Obregón: became leader Mexican government 1915; elected president 1920. Mexican Constitution 1917: land educational reform, limited foreign guaranteed rights workers, restricted clerical education and property Cárdenas: Mexican (1934 1940); responsible large land redistribution communal farms; also began program primary education. José Clemente Orozco: Mexican artists after Mexican Revolution; famous wall buildings that mixed images past Christian corridos: popular ballads written Mexican Revolution. Cristeros: conservative peasant Mexico during 1920s; reaction against secularism. Party Institutionalized Revolution (PRI): inclusive Mexican political party developing from 1920s; ruled rest 20th century. American Free Agreement (NAFTA): Raul Torre: Peruvian politician; created American Popular Revolutionary Alliance 1924; gained 1985. Getúlio Vargas: became president Brazil following 1929; led authoritarian until deposed 1945; became again 1950. authoritarian and leader Argentina 1940s; driven into 1955; Duarte (Evita): wife Juan Perón; among lower social classes. José Arevalo: reformist 1944; his conflict foreign Fruit Company: most important foreign company Guatemala; 1993 nationalization its holdings caused U.S. reaction. Fulgencio Batista: authoritarian (1934 1944). Castro: revolutionary leader replaced Batista 1958; reformed Cuban Theology: combination Roman Catholic socialist aiming lives military coup 1973. republics: conservative, dictatorial, Latin American governments friendly exported tropical Neighbor Policy: introduced president Franklin Roosevelt 1933 deal fairly, intervention, American states. Alliance Progress: U.S. economic development Latin America